Human african trypanosomiasis hat, sleeping sickness, is a systemic protozoan disease transmitted by the bite of a tsetse. Epidemiology of american trypanosomiasis chagas disease. The continued, occasional importation of african trypanosomiasis to the united states can be expected as tourists and immigrants travel from highrisk areas. Get a printable copy pdf file of the complete article 3.
This inexpensive and rapid serodiagnostic test identifies those patients with antibodies against the organisms, indicating infection b. Clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of human african trypanosomiasis sleeping sickness. A total of 163 records from january 2000 to december 2006 were retrospectively studied. The epidemiology of the disease is mediated by the interaction of the. To describe the epidemiology of trypanosomiasis in rumphi district over the past ten years.
Human african trypanosomiasis hat is caused by two species of the tsetse fly vectored protozoan hemoflagellates belonging to trypanosma brucei, namely t. Control of hat caused by trypanosoma brucei gambiense, which caused 97%. Over the last 100 years huge efforts have been made to control it. Distribution of african sleeping sickness by country. Terry l dwelle dwelle md mphtm north dakota department. Its two causative agents, trypansoma brucei gambiense and trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, lead to different courses of disease, with t. The card agglutination test for trypanosomiasis catt. Trypanosomiasis, african sleeping sickness chapter 4. The atlas of human african trypanosomiasis is a wholed initiative that was jointly developed with the food and agriculture organization of the united nations, and with disease endemic countries in the framework of the program against african trypanosomosis. Epidemiology of human african trypanosomiasis ncbi. Both protozoan species are morphologically indistinguishable.
Thus, we assume that flies that have not been infected during their first blood meal are no. Human african trypanosomiasis exists in two forms with different clinical presentations and epidemiology caused by morphologically indistinguishable subspecies of t brucei fig fig3. Human african trypanosomiasis hat, commonly referred to as sleeping sickness, is a protozoan parasitic infection transmitted by the tsetse fly. Trypanosoma cruzi, the cause of american trypanosomiasis, or chagas disease, is a protozoan parasite that is enzootic and endemic in much of the americas, where it infects a wide variety of wild and domestic mammals as well as many species of triatomine vectors, in addition to humans. Links to pubmed are also available for selected references. Links with this icon indicate that you are leaving the cdc website the centers for disease control and prevention cdc cannot attest to the accuracy of a nonfederal website.
American trypanosomiasis provides a comprehensive overview of chagas disease and discusses the latest discoveries concerning the three elements that compose the transmission chain of the disease. African trypanosomiasis is an infectious disease of humans and animals of similar aetiology and epidemiology. Trypanosomiasis is a worldwide disease caused by the species of the genus trypanosoma, which affects humans, as well as domestic and wild animals. Human african trypanosomiasis has reemerged as a serious public health threat after nearelimination because of diminished investment in previously successful control programs. The causative agents of the disease are protozoan parasites of the genus trypanosoma that live and multiply extracellularly in blood and tissue fluids of their mammalian hosts and are transmitted by the bite of infected tsetse flies glossina sp. In particular, current estimates for the global burden of human african trypanosomiasis sleeping sickness, hat vary widely. Human african trypanosomiasis hat, or sleeping sickness, is caused by trypanosoma brucei gambiense, which is a chronic form of the disease present in western and central africa, and by.
Caemichael pointed out that the mammalian trypanosomes could be divided into 2 groups. This research study concern on impact on trypanosomiasis in the district and explain the possible solution will be suggested. Human african trypanosomiasis hat, also known as sleeping sickness, is caused by protozoan parasites transmitted via the bite of a tsetse fly. A combined meeting of the section of comparative medicine royal society of medicine and the royal society of tropical medicine and hygiene was devoted to a discussion of the epidemiology of human and animal trypanosomiasis. A longitudinal survey of african animal trypanosomiasis in. T brucei rhodesiense east african or rhodesian african trypanosomiasis t brucei gambiense west afric. Human african trypanosomiasis hat, or sleeping sickness, is caused by trypanosoma brucei gambiense, which is a chronic form of the disease present in western and central africa, and by trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, which is an acute disease located in eastern and southern africa. Diversity of human african trypanosomiasis epidemiological settings. The trypanosome is transmitted by different species of tsetse flies, which have differing predilections for breeding sites. The two subspecies are found in different regions of africa. Most of the sleeping sickness in africa is caused by this form of the parasite. Conference addis ababa, ethiopia, on february 2728, 2010. Human african trypanosomiasis hat, or sleeping sickness, describes not one but two discrete diseases.
Author summary because of weak health surveillance infrastructures in poor countries, estimates of the burdens numbers of infections of many tropical diseases may be inaccurate. The catt can be conducted in the field without electricity, and results are available in only 10 minutes. Other routes of transmission are possible but poorly documented and considered extremely rare. American trypanosomiasis chagas disease is an important cause of human heart disease, megaesophagus and megacolon in latin america, where the causative organism, trypanosoma cruzi, is endemic. We shall look at the vectors, the epidemiology, and control.
The other human form of trypanosomiasis, called chagas disease 3. Trypanosoma cruzi, a protozoan hemoflagellate, is the parasite that causes this disease. Sleeping sickness, also known as human african trypanosomiasis hat, is caused by trypanosoma brucei rhodensiense in eastern africa and trypanosoma brucei gambiense in western africa. Human african trypanosomiasis food and agriculture organization. Chagas disease is a major public health problem in latin america. This chapter describes the geographical distribution, vertebrate hosts, triatomine vectors, transmission cycle and disease types of american trypanosomiasis chagas disease. Human african trypanosomiasis sleeping sickness professor peter ge kennedy glasgow university department of neurology, institute of neurological sciences, southern general hospital, glasgow, uk. The epidemiology of trypanosomiasis in rumphi district, malawi. The rhodesiense form is a zoonosis, with the occasional infection of humans, but in the gambiense form. Oromia region which found in southern part of ethiopia known by pastoralist area. African trypanosomiasis sleeping sickness fact sheet n. American importance trypanosomiasis iowa state university. Epidemiology, control and surveillance of chagas disease.
The genus trypanosoma belongs to the family trypanosomatidae, which is. African trypanosomiasis sleeping sleepness american. Full text full text is available as a scanned copy of the original print version. One of the enduring problems in the epidemiology of sleeping sickness is that there are 3 morphologically indistinguishable subspecies of try panosoma brucei. The epidemiology and household distribution of seroreactivity to trypanosoma cruzi in a rural community in northeast brazil. Epidemics of sleeping sickness have been a significant public health problem in the past, but the disease is reasonably wellcontrolled at. The standard serologic assay to diagnose west african trypanosomiasis is the card agglutination test for trypanosomiasis catt. African sleeping sickness is characterized by a number of distinct neurological symptoms, which include dysaesthesia, extrapyramidal motor disturbances, disruption of sleep, as well as neuropsychiatric changes including mood disturbances which could represent the initial symptoms see other chapters in this volume. African trypanosomiasis sleeping sickness treatment. The knowledge of epidemiological aspects of the disease allowed to delineate the strategies for the control of the. One century ago human african trypanosomiasis hat, also known as sleeping sickness, was believed to curb the development of colonial territories.
Trypanosomiasis is a widespread disease of livestock in nigeria and a major constraint to the rural economy. It is highly sensitive 96% but less specific because of crossreactivity with animal trypanosomes. The jos plateau, nigeria was free from tsetse flies and the trypanosomes they transmit due to its high altitude and the absence of animal trypanosomiasis attracted large numbers of cattlekeeping pastoralists to inhabit the plateau. There are two subspecies of the parasite trypanosoma brucei that cause disease in humans. The human african trypanosomiasis control and surveillance programme of the world health organization 20002009.
African trypanosomiasis, also referred to as sleeping sickness, is an illness endemic to subsaharan africa. This paper explores the scientific and policy debates surrounding the control of. The release of trypanosome toxic factors and lymphokines gives rise to a cyclic or relapsing fever with an approximate cycle of 710 days. Trypanosomiasis, infectious disease in both humans and animals caused by certain members of the flagellate protozoa genus trypanosoma and spread by certain bloodsucking insects. And this is mostly restricted to the african continent. As soon as the cause of the disease was clearly identified, colonial authorities established extensive control operations, fearing an unpopulated continent and a shortage of human labour to exploit. The changing epidemiology of human african trypanosomiasis among patients from nonendemic countries19022012. The major vector is the tsetse fly, which comes out of the genus glossina.
The clinical features of the infection depend on the subspecies involved. African trypanosomiasis is a human tropical parasitic disease usually caused by protozoan hemoflagellates belonging to the complex trypanosoma brucei. Epidemiology the trypanosomes causing hat are classically transmitted by the bite of blood sucking tsetse flies diptera, genus glossina. Linking to a nonfederal website does not constitute an endorsement by cdc or any of its employees of the sponsors or the information and products presented on the website. The politics of trypanosomiasis control in africa african trypanosomiasis is a devastating disease, both for humans and animals. Epidemiology of human african trypanosomiasis clep. Full text epidemiology of human african trypanosomiasis clep. The people most exposed to the tsetse fly and therefore the disease are in rural populations dependent on agriculture, fishing, animal husbandry or hunting. A trypanosomal chancre develops on the site of inoculation. Pathology of african trypanosomiasis or sleeping sickness. It is transmitted by the tsetse fly glossina species, which is found only in rural africa. Epidemiology of human african trypanosomiasis jose r franco,1 pere p. Carlos chagas first described this disease in 1911 when he discovered the parasite in the blood of a brazilian child with fever, lymphadenopathy, and anemia.
It has been a serious public health problem in some regions of subsaharan africa. Epidemiology of human african trypanosomiasis jose r franco,1 pere p simarro,1 abdoulaye diarra,2 jean g jannin1 1world health organization, control of neglected tropical diseases, innovative and intensified disease management, geneva, switzerland. Human african trypanosomiasis or sleeping sickness, is a disease caused by trypanosoma brucei gambiense or trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. American trypanosomiasis, also known as chagas disease, affects millions of people throughout the americas. African trypanosomiasis known as african sleeping sickness endemic in 36 countries and affects from 20,000 to 50,000 annually untreated is universally fatal animal infections may have more impact than human infections by decreasing the food supply eg cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, chickens. Thrombocytopenia american trypanosomiasis chagas disease chagas disease, or american trypanosomiasis, is caused by the parasite trypanosoma cruzi. Infection is most commonly acquired through contact with the feces of an infected triatomine bug or kissing bug, a bloodsucking insect that feeds on humans and animals. While this organism occasionally causes an acute illness, most people do not realize they are infected until several years or. It is caused by the flagellate protozoan trypanosoma brucei, which exists in the following 2 morphologically identical subspecies. The resulting neurological symptoms include severe headache, mental dullness and apathy, a weary shuffling gait, tremors. The human african trypanosomiasis control and surveillance.
Neuberger a, meltzer e, leshem e, dickstein y, stienlauf s, schwartz e. Human african trypanosomiasis hat, or sleeping sickness, is caused by trypanosoma brucei gambiense, which is a chronic form of the disease present in. Human african trypanosomiasis hat, also called sleeping sickness, is a. At present, there is no overlap in their geographic distribution. Trypanosomiasis in areas without surveillance to the editor. The lecture today will be on trypanosomiasis vectors, which mainly include the tsetse fly.
Prevalence of human african trypanosomiasis in the. The gambian form is currently a major public health problem over vast areas of central and western africa, while the zoonotic, rhodesian form continues to present a serious health risk in eastern and southern. Trypanosomiasis or trypanosomosis is the name of several diseases in vertebrates caused by parasitic protozoan trypanosomes of the genus trypanosoma. Caused by microscopic parasites of the species trypanosoma brucei.
The trypanosomes give rise to two distinct clinical. A doctor performing a spinal tap to examine the cerebrospinal fluid of a patient suspected to have an infection with african trypanosomiasis a. These hemoflagellate protozoa are transmitted by the bite of various species of glossina, the tsetse fly. Generally, researches play a role to cultural, social, economical, even political life of people. Most of the reported hat cases occur in the democratic republic of the congo, where many. Human african trypanosomiasis in areas without surveillance. Human african trypanosomiasis hat, or sleeping sickness, is caused by trypanosoma brucei gambiense, which is a chronic form of the. Human african trypanosomiasis current treatments and the. Full text epidemiology of human african trypanosomiasis.
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